By Joshua R. Farris

The dialogue surrounding naturalistic views of consciousness is evolving, with a noticeable shift from physicalism to panpsychism. Recently, discussions have intensified around various consciousness theories linked to panpsychism, with Philip Goff emerging as a prominent advocate. Historically significant figures like David Chalmers and Thomas Nagel have also contributed to this dialogue.

In his book Galileo’s Error, Goff claims his approach represents a balanced perspective between materialism and dualism, which has gained considerable attention. More recently, he has proposed a middle ground between atheism and theism, paralleling the earlier materialism-dualism discussion in his latest publication, Why. Goff suggests that even basic entities like atoms and stones possess some form of consciousness, which collectively leads to more complex forms of awareness. He argues that atheistic frameworks fall short in providing comprehensive explanations for consciousness, purpose, and the universe's origins, while theism also encounters challenges, particularly concerning the problem of evil.

The effectiveness of Goff's theories remains uncertain, but he effectively illustrates the inadequacies of physicalism and atheistic explanations in addressing the nuances of conscious experiences. However, amidst all the enthusiasm for panpsychism, there exists an overlooked aspect: the traditional idea that souls provide a more coherent explanation for consciousness. This ancient belief is intertwined with the assertion that theism offers a superior framework for understanding the universe's origins, suggesting that conscious beings do not merely exist by chance but require a foundational explanation. Strikingly, many proponents of panpsychism neglect the long-established concept of the soul and God, often receiving significant online recognition without acknowledging the notion that we are divine creations.

Despite this oversight, there is a renewed interest in dualism and theism, gaining traction alongside the rise of panpsychism, which warrants attention. Notable developments include the Humane Philosophy Project, which actively promotes dualism and supernaturalism in academia. While many institutions may shy away from endorsing the merits of dualism and theism, the Humane Philosophy Project has made significant strides in this area. Their Summer Study and Conference, titled Minds, Persons, and Cosmos, featured numerous scholars advocating for the relevance of the soul and God in contemporary discussions on consciousness.

Furthermore, a recent wave of publications highlights the viability of dualism, challenging the prevailing naturalistic narratives. Noteworthy works include The Creation of Self by Joshua R. Farris, which presents a case for the self as the core of conscious experience, advocating for a form of dualism where the soul is viewed as an immaterial essence. Another significant title, The Mind-Body Problem and Metaphysics by Ralph Weir, offers a critical examination of property dualism and argues for the superiority of substance dualism through various philosophical explorations.

Additionally, The Substance of Consciousness serves as a comprehensive defense of substance dualism, cataloging arguments for the soul and addressing shortcomings of competing philosophical views. Similarly, Minding the Brain, edited by Brian Krouse, critiques materialistic perspectives while often leading to endorsements of substance dualism, emphasizing the importance of immaterial subjects in explaining mental phenomena.

These recent publications collectively validate the perspective that the concept of the soul remains relevant and deserving of consideration alongside panpsychism. Though they do not explicitly defend theism, the authors' theistic inclinations are evident, suggesting that discussions surrounding dualism can naturally extend to theistic interpretations.

In conclusion, the recent advancements in panpsychism, which acknowledge the significance of mental events, reveal two critical insights. First, there is a diminishing interest in physicalism, affirming the belief that our existence transcends mere physicality. Second, these discussions provide a robust critique of atheistic and secular theories regarding consciousness and the origins of the universe. Given this context, there are compelling reasons to revisit the age-old concepts of souls and God, supported by an emerging body of literature that enriches the debate surrounding minds and the cosmos.

— Joshua R. Farris (PhD) is an ordained minister and the Humboldt Experienced Researcher Fellow at the University of Bochum. He has previously held fellowships at The Creation Project, Carl F. H. Henry Center, TEDS, and Heythrop College, University of London. He was also the Chester and Margaret Paluch Professor at Mundelein Seminary, University of Saint Mary of the Lake. He is the author of The Creation of Self: A Case for the Soul.

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